Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ
Rexford S. Ahima, JEFFERY S. FLIER2000Trends in Endocrinology and MetabolismReview
CardiovascularEndocrine (ADH/ACTH/MSH)GastrointestinalHypothalamic-PituitaryImmune/InnateMusculoskeletalNeurologicalOcularRespiratory/Sinus
Bacterial EndotoxinsIndoor Mold (Stachybotrys, Aspergillus, etc.)MycotoxinsVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)Water-Damaged Buildings (WDB)
Abstract
The discovery of leptin in the mid-1990s has focused attention on the role of proteins secreted by adipose tissue. Leptin has profound effects on appetite and energy balance, and is also involved in the regulation of neuroendocrine and immune function. Sex steroid and glucocorticoid metabolism in adipose tissue has been implicated as a determinant of body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk. Other adipose products, for example, proinflammatory cytokines, complement factors and components of the coagulation/fibrinolytic cascade, may mediate the metabolic and cardiovascular complications associated with obesity.
Key Biomarkers
Alpha Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)Immunoglobulin E (IgE)LeptinMatrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9)Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)Visual Contrast Sensitivity (VCS)
Symptom Clusters
Fatigue, muscle aches, joint painHeadache, light sensitivityMetabolic: excessive thirst, frequent urination, night sweatsMood: mood swings, appetite swingsMultiple-system illnessNeurological: tingling, memory loss, concentration difficulty, confusion, word-finding difficultySinus congestion, cough, shortness of breath
Cited By (5)
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- IL-1β and TNFα Cooperativity in Regulating IL-6 Expression in Adipocytes Depends on CREB Binding and H3K14 AcetylationCells · 2021
- How to modulate inflammatory cytokines in liver diseasesLiver International · 2006
- Cytokines secreted from adipose tissues mediate tumor proliferation and metastasis in triple negative breast cancerBMC Cancer · 2022
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