DNA damage and DNA damage responses in THP-1 monocytes after exposure to spores of either Stachybotrys chartarum or Aspergillus versicolor or to T-2 toxin

Abstract

TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES 115(1), 140–155 (2010) doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq045 Advance Access publication February 11, 2010 DNA Damage and DNA Damage Responses in THP-1 Monocytes after Exposure to Spores of either Stachybotrys chartarum or Aspergillus versicolor or to T-2 toxin Kirsten E. Rakkestad,* Ida Skaar,† Vibeke E. Ansteinsson,‡,{ Anita Solhaug,† Jørn A. Holme,* James J. Pestka,§ Jan T. Samuelsen,{ Hans J. Dahlman,* Jan K. Hongslo,* and Rune Becher*,1 *Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway; †Department of Feed and Food Safety, National Veterinary Institute, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; ‡Department of Clinical Dentistry-Biomaterials, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; §Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; and {NIOM—Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, N-1305 Haslum, Norway 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: rune.becher@fhi.no. Received October 16, 2009; accepted January 31, 2010 We have characterized cell death in THP-1 cells after exposure to heat-treated spores from satratoxin G–producing Stachybotrys chartarum isolate IBT 9631, atranone-producing S. chartarum isolate IBT 9634, and sterigmatocystin-producing Aspergillus versicolor isolate IBT 3781, as well as the trichothecenes T-2 and satratoxin G. Spores induced cell death within 3–6 h, with Stachybotrys appearing most potent. IBT 9631 induced both apoptosis and necrosis, while IBT 9634 and IBT 3781 induced mostly necrosis. T-2 toxin and satratoxin G caused mainly apoptosis. Comet assay ± formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase showed that only the spore exposures induced early (3h) oxidative DNA damage. Likewise, only the spores increased the formation of reactive oxygen speci

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