A perspective on the treatment of Lyme borreliosis

Abstract

. 56. Drouin EE, Seward RJ, Yao C, Costello CE, Steere AC. A novel Human Autoantigen Endothelial Cell Growth Factor Induces Linked T and B Cell Responses in Patients with Antibiotic-Refractory Lyme Arthritis. ICAAC 2010. Abstract. 57. Gross DM, Forsthuber T, Tary-Lehmann M, et al. Identification of LFA-1 as a candidate autoantigen in treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis. Science. 1998;281:703-6. 58. Jones KL, McHugh GA, Glickstein LJ, Steere AC. Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi genotypes in patients with Lyme arthritis: High frequency of ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer type 1 strains in antibiotic-refractory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:2174-82. 59. Codolo G, Amedei A, Steere AC, et al. Borrelia burgdorferi NapA-driven Th17 cell inflammation in lyme arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:3609-17. 60. Shen S, Shin JJ, Strle K, et al. Treg cell numbers and function in patients with antibiotic-refractory or antibiotic-responsive Lyme arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:2127-37. 61. Gasser R, Dusleag J, Reisinger E, et al. Reversal by ceftriaxone of dilated cardiomyopathy Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Lancet. 1992;339:1174-5. 62. Marques A. Chronic Lyme disease: a review. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2008;22:341-60, vii-viii. 63. Feder HM Jr, Johnson BJ, O’Connell S, et al. A critical appraisal of “chronic Lyme disease”. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1422-30. 64. Luo N, Johnson JA, Shaw JW, Feeny D, Coons SJ. Self-reported health status of the general adult U.S. population as assessed by the EQ-5D and Health Utilities Index. Med Care. 2005;43:1078-86. 65. Gutierrez J, Guerrero M, Nunez F, Soto MJ, Piedrola G, Maroto MC. Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in European populations. J Clin Lab Anal. 2000;14:20-6. 66. Carlsson SA, Granlund H, Nyman D, Wahlberg P. IgG seroprevalence of Lyme borreliosis in the population of the Aland Islands in Finland. Scand J Infect Dis. 1998;30:501-3. 67. Fallon BA, Keilp JG, Corbera KM, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of repeated IV antibiotic therapy for Lyme encephalopathy. Neurology. 2008;70:992-1003. 68. Klempner MS, Hu LT, Evans J, et al. Two controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:85-92. 69. Krupp LB, Hyman LG, Grimson R, et al. Study and treatment of post Lyme disease (STOP-LD): a randomized double masked clinical trial. Neurology. 2003;60:1923-30. 70. Kaplan RF, Trevino RP, Johnson GM, et al. Cognitive function in post-treatment Lyme disease: do additional antibiotics help? Neurology. 2003;60:1916-22. 71. Moody KD, Adams RL, Barthold SW. Effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment against Borrelia burgdorferi infection in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;38:1567-72. 72. Straubinger RK, Summers BA, Chang YF, Appel MJ. Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected dogs after antibiotic treatment. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:111-6. 73. Wormser GP, Schwartz I. Antibiotic treatment of animals infect