Sources and Transmission of Bio‐Contaminants in Indoor Areas

Abstract

Bio-contaminants are pollutants in the air, soil, and water that have a biological source. The majority of the elements in the air are microbes, including bacteria, viruses, unicellular organisms, fungi, algae, mites, insect residues/animal dander, and their by-products. Dogs, cats, birds, pollen, smells, allergies, and building materials are the culprits behind these. Physical factors like ventilation, heating (temperature and humidity), carpets, materials, and so forth might exacerbate them. According to reports, even in highly regulated environments like the operating rooms of modern hospitals, bio-contaminants can be found in indoor air anyplace. 90% or more of the time is spent by humans indoors, where they are heavily exposed to biological pollution in places like homes, schools, dormitories, and colonial buildings, such as stores, cars, and workplaces. Even common household items like fans, air conditioners, chillers, and humidifiers contribute significantly to the development and spread of indoor microorganisms. The majority of the time, air conditioners, fans, and ventilation equipment are colonized by fungi, bacteria, and yeasts. A broad overview of indoor airborne bio-contaminants including their sources, mode of transmission, health consequences, associated evaluation methodologies, and prospective management strategies is the aim of the current study.