Learning and memory difficulties after environmental exposure to waterways containing toxin-producing Pfiesteria or Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates
Grattan L, Oldach D, Perl T +10 more1998The LancetJournal Article
CardiovascularEndocrine (ADH/ACTH/MSH)GastrointestinalHypothalamic-PituitaryImmune/InnateMusculoskeletalNeurologicalOcularRespiratory/Sinus
ActinomycetesBacterial EndotoxinsIndoor Mold (Stachybotrys, Aspergillus, etc.)MycotoxinsVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)Water-Damaged Buildings (WDB)
Abstract
People with environmental exposure to waterways in which Pfiesteria toxins are present are at risk of developing a reversible clinical syndrome characterised by difficulties with learning and higher cognitive functions. Risk of illness is directly related to degree of exposure, with the most prominent symptoms and signs occurring among people with chronic daily exposure to affected waterways.
Key Biomarkers
Alpha Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)Immunoglobulin E (IgE)LeptinMatrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9)Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)Visual Contrast Sensitivity (VCS)
Symptom Clusters
Gastrointestinal: excessive thirst, frequent urinationMusculoskeletal: muscle aches, joint pain, ice pick painNeurological: memory loss, difficulty with concentration, confusion, word finding difficulty, light sensitivityNeurological: tingling in extremitiesRespiratory: cough, shortness of breath, sinus congestionSystemic: fatigue, headache, night sweats, mood swings, appetite swings
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