Faktor risiko kesehatan lingkungan yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian sick building syndrome pada pegawai di gedung perkantoran

Abstract

Background: The high incidence of sick building syndrome (SBS) in office buildings, especially in the DKI Jakarta Provincial Health Office and the Central Jakarta Health Office, is a serious problem. Sick building syndrome has a negative impact on employee productivity and health in the long term due to exposure to various environmental factors, including temperature, humidity, light intensity, the presence of mold in the air, and air quality (PM2.5; PM10). Purpose: To analyze environmental health risk factors that influence the occurrence of sick building syndrome in employees in office buildings. Method: An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach, conducted from February to October 2024. The study sample was 97 respondents with the incidence of sick building syndrome (SBS) as the dependent variable, while temperature, humidity, light intensity, the presence of mold in the air, and air quality PM2.5 - PM10as independent variables. Data analysis was carried out using the chi-square test between the dependent and independent variables. Results: Variables that affect the incidence of SBS include temperature (p-value = 0.001; PR = 2.593), humidity (p-value = 0.01; PR = 1.739), light intensity (p-value = 0.001; PR = 8.212), PM2.5 air quality (p-value = 0.001; PR = 4.812), and PM10 air quality (p-value = 0.001; PR = 3.232). Meanwhile, there is one variable that does not affect SBS, namely the presence of mold in the air (p-value = 0.38). Conclusion: Temperature, humidity, light intensity, air quality are significantly related to the incidence of SBS in office workers. However, there is no significant relationship between the presence of mold and the incidence of SBS. Suggestion: In an effort to reduce the risk of SBS, the government and health institutions are advised to improve the quality of ventilation and air circulation in office buildings and other public buildings. A good ventilation system can reduce exposure to indoor air pollutants which is one of the main factors causing SBS. Keywords: Employees; Environmental Health; Office Building; Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). Pendahuluan: Tingginya kejadian sick building syndrome (SBS) di gedung perkantoran, khususnya di lingkungan Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi DKI Jakarta dan Suku Dinas Kesehatan Kota Administrasi Jakarta Pusat menjadi permasalahan yang cukup serius. SBS berdampak negatif terhadap produktivitas dan kesehatan pegawai dalam jangka panjang akibat paparan berbagai faktor lingkungan, antara lain suhu, kelembapan, intensitas cahaya, jamur udara, dan kualitas udara (PM2.5; PM10). Tujuan: Untuk menganalisis faktor risiko kesehatan lingkungan yang memengaruhi terjadinya sindrom bangunan sakit pada karyawan di gedung perkantoran. Metode: Penelitian analisis observasional dengan pendekatan cross-sectional, dilakukan dari bulan Februari hingga Oktober 2024. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 97 responden dengan kejadian sick building syndrome (SBS) sebagai variabel terikat, sedangkan suhu, kelembapan, intensitas cahaya, keberadaan jamur udara, dan kualitas udara PM2.5-PM10 sebagai variabel bebas. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan uji chi-square antara variabel terikat dan bebas. Hasil: Variabel yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian SBS antara lain, suhu (p-value= 0.001; PR= 2.593), kelembapan (p-value= 0.01; PR= 1.739), intensitas cahaya (p-value= 0.001; PR= 8.212), kualitas udara PM2,5 (p-value= 0.001; PR= 4.812), dan kualitas udara PM10 (p-value= 0.001; PR= 3.232). Sementara itu, terdapat satu variabel tidak berpengaruh terhadap SBS, yakni keberadaan jamur di udara (p-value= 0.38). Simpulan: Suhu, kelembapan, intensitas cahaya, kualitas udara berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian SBS pada pegawai perkantoran. Namun, tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara keberadaan jamur dengan kejadian SBS. Saran: Dalam upaya mengurangi risiko terjadinya SBS, pemerintah dan instansi kesehatan diimbau agar gedung perkantoran dan gedung publik lainnya lebih meningkatkan kualitas ventilasi dan sirkulasi udara. Sistem ventilasi yang baik dapat mengurangi paparan polutan udara dalam ruangan yang merupakan salah satu faktor utama penyebab terjadinya SBS. Kata Kunci: Gedung Perkantoran; Kesehatan Lingkungan; Pegawai; Sick Building Syndrome (SBS).